Metal wood club with improved hitting face

ABSTRACT

A hitting face of a golf club head having a location of longest characteristic time shifted away from the geometric center of the hitting face. The hitting face of the club head has varying thickness, with a thickest portion being at or near the geometric center of the plate-like hitting face. A second thickened portion of the hitting face substantially surrounds the thickest portion. The portions of varying thickness taper therebetween for relatively smooth cross-sectional profiles.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/499,323, filed on Aug. 4, 2006, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/221,221filed on Sep. 7, 2005, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to an improved golf club head. Moreparticularly, the present invention relates to a golf club head with animproved striking face having the longest characteristic time shiftedaway from the geometric center of the hitting face.

The complexities of golf club design are well known. The specificationsfor each component of the club (i.e., the club head, shaft, grip, andsubcomponents thereof) directly impact the performance of the club.Thus, by varying the design specifications, a golf club can be tailoredto have specific performance characteristics.

The design of club heads has long been studied. Among the more prominentconsiderations in club head design are loft, lie, face angle, horizontalface bulge, vertical face roll, center of gravity, inertia, materialselection, and overall head weight. While this basic set of criteria isgenerally the focus of golf club engineering, several other designaspects are also often addressed. The interior design of the club headmay be tailored to achieve particular characteristics, such as theinclusion of hosel or shaft attachment means, perimeter weights on theclub head, and fillers within hollow club heads.

Golf club heads are also sufficiently strong to withstand the repeatedimpacts that occur during collisions between the golf club and the golfball. The loading that occurs during this transient event can create apeak force of over 2,000 lbs. Thus, a major challenge is designing theclub face and body to resist permanent deformation or failure bymaterial yield or fracture. Conventional hollow metal wood drivers madefrom titanium typically have a uniform face thickness exceeding 2.5 mmto ensure structural integrity of the club head.

Players generally seek a metal wood driver and golf ball combinationthat delivers maximum distance and landing accuracy. The distance a balltravels after impact is dictated by the magnitude and direction of theball's translational velocity and the ball's rotational velocity orspin. Environmental conditions, including atmospheric pressure,humidity, temperature, and wind speed further influence the ball'sflight. However, these environmental effects are beyond the control ofthe golf equipment manufacturer. Golf ball landing accuracy is driven bya number of factors as well. Some of these factors are attributed toclub head design, such as center of gravity and club face flexibility.

Generally, golf ball travel distance is a function of the total kineticenergy imparted to the ball during impact with the club head, neglectingenvironmental effects. During impact, kinetic energy is transferred fromthe club and stored as elastic strain energy in the club head and asviscoelastic strain energy in the ball. After impact, the stored energyin the ball and in the club is transformed back into kinetic energy inthe form of translational and rotational velocity of the ball, as wellas the club. Since the collision is not perfectly elastic, a portion ofenergy is dissipated in club head vibration and in viscoelasticrelaxation of the ball. Viscoelastic relaxation is a material propertyof the polymeric materials used in most commercially-available golfballs.

Viscoelastic relaxation of the ball is a parasitic energy source, whichis dependent upon the rate of deformation of the ball. To minimize thiseffect, the rate of deformation of the ball should be reduced. This maybe accomplished by allowing more club face deformation during impactwhich increases the duration of contact between the ball and the clubface. Since metallic deformation may be purely elastic, the strainenergy stored in the club face is returned to the ball after impactthereby increasing the ball's outbound velocity after impact.

A variety of techniques may be utilized to vary the deformation of theclub face, including uniform face thinning, thinned faces with ribbedstiffeners and varying thickness, among others. These designs shouldhave sufficient structural integrity to withstand repeated impactswithout permanently deforming the club face. In general, conventionalclub heads also exhibit wide variations in initial ball speed afterimpact, depending on the impact location on the face of the club.

The United States Golf Association (USGA), the governing body for therules of golf in the United States, issues specifications for theperformance of golf balls and clubs. One such USGA rule limits theduration of the contact between the golf ball and the geometrical centerof a club face, called the “characteristic time”, to less than 257microseconds. To maximize golf ball travel distance, a golf club'sspring-like effect should be maximized while remaining within theserules. Hence, there remains a need in the art for a club head that hasmaximized performance in terms of carry distance and club facedeformation while adhering to USGA characteristic time rules at thegeometric center of the hitting face.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A golf club head comprising a hitting face having a central zone and anintermediate zone. The central zone comprises a raised inner portion anda raised outer portion, wherein the raised inner portion is thicker thanthe raised outer portion. Both the inner and outer portions are thickerthan the intermediate zone. On this hitting face, the location oflongest characteristic time is offset from a geometric center of thehitting face.

One or both of the raised portions of the central zone can have theshape of a rhombus. Transition zones with varying thickness can connectthe raised inner portion to the raised outer portion and the outerportion to the intermediate zone.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentinvention will become better understood when the following detaileddescription is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in whichlike characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a front view of a driver golf club head (not drawn to scale)in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a front schematic view of a hitting face insert according tothe present invention;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the hitting face of FIG. 2 takenalong line 3-3 thereof;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a club head showing zones of varyingflexural thickness as disclosed in the parent '221 application andcorresponds to FIG. 5 thereof; and

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the club head of FIG. 4 taken alongline 5-5 thereof and corresponds to FIG. 5A of the parent '221application.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As illustrated in the accompanying drawings and discussed in detailbelow, the present invention is directed to a club head with a longestcharacteristic time shifted away from the geometric center of the clubhead. U.S. Pat. No. 6,605,007, which is incorporated herein in itsentirety, discloses an improved golf club that also produces arelatively large “sweet zone” or zone of substantially uniform highinitial velocity or high coefficient of restitution (COR). Increases ordecreases in COR correspond generally but not directly to increases anddecreases in the spring-like effect and characteristic time of a golfclub head as many of the same design function affect both properties,such as material selection and club hitting face thickness.

Referring to FIG. 1, one embodiment of a configuration of a hitting facewhere the location of longest characteristic time is shifted away fromthe geometric center of hitting face 2 is shown. Hollow metal wood clubhead 10 has a hitting face 12 which includes a face insert 14 and facesupport 16. Face insert 14 fits into a similarly shaped opening in facesupport 16 and is affixed therewithin by any method known in the art,such as by welding. Club head 10 also has crown 18, toe 20, sole 22,heel 24 and hosel 26.

As shown in FIG. 2, disposed on the inner-cavity-facing surface of faceinsert 14 is central zone 28, which preferably has a generallyelliptical shape. As defined here, the term “rhombus”, “rhombi”,“ellipse” or “elliptical” refers to non-circular shapes that havediscernable major axis and minor axis, and include, but are not limitedto, any quadrilateral shapes, geometrical ellipses, quadrilateral shapeswith one or more rounded corner(s) and unsymmetrical elliptical shapes.The “major axis” is defined as the axis coinciding with the longestlength that can be drawn through the non-circular shapes withoutintersecting the perimeter of the shapes at more than two locations,i.e., at the start and end points of said length. The “minor axis” isorthogonal to the major axis at or near its midpoint. As used herein,the term “concentric” refers to shapes that substantially encircle orsurround other shapes.

Central zone 28 preferably includes a varying thickness profile, wherethe minor axis of central zone 28 is shorter than the major axis ofcentral zone 28. Central zone 28 is preferably positioned within faceinsert 14 such that the major axis of central zone 28 is aligned in thedirection of the low toe to high heel, so that a sweet spot can beestablished in the direction of high toe to low heel. This sweet spotadvantageously coincides with the typical impact patterns created bygolfers as discussed in detail in the parent '221 patent application. Ascentral zone 28 is stiffer than the surrounding zones, the point oflongest characteristic time is shifted away from a geometric center ofhitting face 12, with the geometric center being preferably locatedwithin central zone 28. Central zone 28 is generally more rigid than therest of hitting face 12 and in a preferred embodiment comprises an innerrhombus/ellipse and an outer rhombus/elliptical ring.

Central zone 28 is comparatively rigid and surrounding intermediate zone30 is relatively flexible so that upon ball impact intermediate zone 30includes the area of hitting face 12 less the area of central zone 28.Intermediate zone 30 of face 12 deforms upon impact with a golf ball,i.e., provides a desirable spring-like effect to provide high ballvelocity, while central zone 28 is substantially undeformed so that theball flies on-target. Thus, upon ball impact the deformation ofintermediate zone 30 allows central zone 28 to move into and out of clubhead 10 substantially as a unit. Since central zone 28, whichincorporates the geometric center, deforms less than intermediate zone30, the characteristic time is relocated away from the geometricalcenter of hitting face 12.

The above effect can be accomplished by providing central zone 28 anaggregate first flexural stiffness and intermediate zone 30 with asecond flexural stiffness. Flexural stiffness (FS) is defined as eachportion's average elastic modulus (E) times each portion's averagethickness (t) cubed or (FS=Et³). The calculation of averages of modulusand thickness is fully disclosed in the parent application and in the'007 patent, which have already been incorporated by reference in theirentireties. The determination of FS when the thickness varies such as inthe present invention or when the material is anisotropic is also fullydiscussed in the parent patent application and in the '007 patent.

Since the flexural stiffness is a function of material and thickness,the following techniques can be used to achieve the substantialdifference between the flexural stiffness of central zone 28 andintermediate zone 30: 1) different materials can be used for eachportion, 2) different thicknesses can be used for each portion, or 3) acombination of different materials and thickness can be used for eachportion. For example, in a preferred embodiment, the thickness ofcentral zone 28 is greater than the thickness of intermediate zone 30and the material for both portions is the same so that the FS of centralzone 28 is greater than the FS of intermediate zone 30. Central zone 28may have a uniform thickness, or the thickness may vary.

Preferably, the ratio of FS (28—aggregate) to FS (30) is at least 1.2,preferably at least 1.5, more preferably 2.0. The required flexuralstiffness ratio may also be obtained through the use of structural ribs,reinforcing plates, thickness parameters or by the double-rhombus shapeshown in FIG. 1. U.S. Pat. No. 7,029,403 and the '007 patent describe indetail a preferred range of ratios of flexural stiffness between centralzone 28 and intermediate zone. The '403 patent is also incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

The performance of hitting face 12 is optimized over the entire area offace 12 instead of at or around the geometric center of hitting face 12.As USGA club conformance standards using the pendulum test methoddescribed herein are based upon the characteristic time, i.e., theduration of contact between a probe and the club hitting face, only atthe geometric center of the hitting face, hitting face 12 may havelocations having longer characteristic times while staying within theUSGA rules. This shifting of the location of longest characteristic timeis found on hitting face structures that raise the stiffness of centralzone 28 or, similarly, decreases the stiffness of intermediate zone 30.Several examples of such hitting face configurations are discussed belowand further described or disclosed in the parent '221 application, aswell as the '403 and '007 patents.

FIG. 2 shows in more detail face insert 14 of hitting face 12 shown inFIG. 1. Face insert 14 is configured to be inserted into any club headhaving an opening formed therein to receive face insert 14. In order toincrease the FS of the center of face insert 14, inner central zone 14 aand outer central zone 14 b are provided on rear of face insert 14.Inner central zone 14 a has a surface area which is less than thesurface area of outer central zone 14 b, with inner central zone 14 aconnected to outer central zone 14 b by a first transition zone 17 a.Preferably, the area occupied by inner central zone 14 a is betweenabout 10% and about 80% of the area occupied by the outline of outercentral zone 14 b. A second transition zone 17 b connects outer centralzone 14 b with a portion of intermediate zone 30. As such, when innercentral zone 14 a is stacked onto outer central zone 14 b which, inturn, is positioned on intermediate zone 30, inner central zone 14 a andouter central zone 14 b create a stepped profile as shown in FIG. 3,except for transition zones 17 a and 17 b.

Preferably, inner central zone 14 a and outer central zone 14 b havesimilar elliptical shapes, which in this embodiment are shown as rhombihaving rounded corners. However, inner central zone 14 a and outercentral zone 14 b may have the same or different configurations, whichmay be selected from any known geometric shape. As such, inner centralzone 14 a and outer central zone 14 b form substantially flat surfacesconnected by tapering first transition zone 17 a. Therefore, thethickest portion of face insert 14 coincides with any point on innercentral zone 14 a. In another embodiment, inner central zone 14 a mayhave another configuration, such as rounded, so that the thickest pointof face insert 14 is a specific location on inner central zone 14 a. Assuch, inner central zone 14 a has a higher flexural stiffness than thesurrounding areas, and, correspondingly, shorter characteristic time. Asthe point of highest characteristic time will be located on a point ofhitting face 12 which has a lower flexural stiffness than inner centralzone 14 a, preferably, inner central zone 14 a is positioned at orproximate to the geometric center of hitting face 12, so that the pointof longest characteristic time is shifted away from the geometric centerof hitting face 12.

Preferably, face insert 14 is made by forging, milling, or stamping andforming. In an exemplary process, a malleable metal suitable for use asa hitting face, such as titanium, titanium alloy, carbon steel,stainless steel, beryllium copper, and other formable metals, is heatedand then hammered into the desired shape of the face insert. Examples ofsome appropriate metals include, but are not limited to, titanium 6-4alloy, titanium 15-3-3-3 alloy, titanium 20-4-1 alloy, and DAT 55 andDAT 55G, titanium alloys available from Daido Steel of Tokyo, Japan.Preferably, face insert 14 is made as a unitary piece, with innercentral zone 14 a, outer central zone 14 b, and a portion ofintermediate zone 30 fashioned from a single plate of material, e.g. byforging. Alternatively, inner central zone 14 a and outer central zone14 b may be made as separate pieces which are then affixed to a plateforming intermediate zone 30 _(using) any method known in the art, suchas welding, brazing, hot isotonic pressing, using an adhesive,mechanical fixtures, and the like. In such a case, inner central zone 14a and outer central zone 14 b could be made from any material known inthe art, such as metals, composites, and the like. For example, it maybe desirable to manipulate the center of gravity of the club head byusing multiple materials or composites. The benefits of having thickenedinner central zone 14 a and outer central zone 14 b can be achieved byusing a lightweight, relatively stiff material, such as a graphitecomposite, which sufficiently stiffens inner central zone 14 a and outercentral zone 14 b but does not significantly increase the weight ofhitting face 12.

The material properties of face insert 14 can also be affected by themethod chosen to form face insert 14. For example, face insert 14 ispreferably stamped or milled from sheet metal after the metal has beencold rolled or cold worked in order to align the crystal grains of themetal. Stamped metal made in this fashion produces a stronger hittingface than other manufacturing techniques. Further, face insert 14 isthen positioned within hitting face 12 so that the grain flow pattern offace insert 14 runs in a sole-to-crown direction. Alternatively, thegrain flow pattern of face insert 14 may run in a heel-to-toe directionor in a diagonal direction. Other methods known in the art may also beused to manufacture face insert 14, such as forging and casting.

Hitting face 12 in any of the embodiments described above is preferablycast, formed, milled, chemically milled, PM-sintered, or any combinationthereof. The body of club 10 is preferably cast. The inner cavity ofclub head 10 may be empty, or alternatively may be filled with foam orother low specific gravity material. It is preferred that the innercavity has a volume greater than 150 cubic centimeters, and morepreferably greater than 350 cubic centimeters, and most preferably 450cubic centimeters or more. Preferably, the mass of the inventive clubhead is greater than 150 grams but less than 230 grams. Further part andmanufacturing details and additional test results regarding the CORvalues of inventive club heads are discussed in detail in the parent'221 application and the '403 and '007 patents.

Table 1 shows how the characteristic time varies between the hittingface of the inventive club and the hitting face of a club made accordingto an embodiment shown and described in the parent '221 application. Theinventive club is a hollow metal wood club head having a hitting facemade generally in accordance with the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.Both the inner central zone 14 a and outer central zone 14 b arerounded-corner rhombi, with the inner central zone positionedsubstantially over the geometric center of the inventive club hittingface 12.

The exemplary club hitting face is approximately 4.4 mm (0.173 inch) inthickness in the inner central zone (t_(14a)), approximately 3.4 mm(0.134 inch) in thickness in the outer central zone (t_(14b)), andapproximately 2.4 mm (0.094 inch) in thickness in the intermediate zone(t₃₀). The inner central zone rhombus sides are each about 2.54 mm long,and the outer central zone rhombus sides are each about 7.94 mm. Theflexural stiffness or FS of inner central zone 14 a is about 85,432; theFS of outer central zone 14 b is about 39,701; and the FS ofintermediate zone 30 is about 13,704. The flexural ratios are asfollows:

FS(14a)/FS(14b)=2.15

FS(14b)/FS(30)=2.90

FS(14a)/FS(30)=6.23

Preferably, the FS ratio between the inner central zone to the outercentral zone is at least about 1.2, preferably about 1.5 and morepreferably at least about 2.0. The FS ratio between the outer centralzone to the intermediate zone is at least about 1.2, preferably about1.5 and more preferably at least about 2.0. The ratio between the innerzone and the intermediate zone is at least about 2.5, more preferablyabout 3.0 and more preferably about 3.5.

A comparison club is made substantially according to FIG. 4, whichcorresponds to FIG. 5 from the parent '221 application. The comparisonclub has a hitting face 42 with a central zone 4 in the shape of arounded-corner rhombus surrounded by a thinner intermediate zone 6 witha transitional zone 7 having a tapered thickness to join central zone 4and intermediate zone 6 in a smooth radius. This smooth transition ofthicknesses is shown more clearly in FIG. 5, which shows across-sectional view of hitting face. Each leg of the rounded-cornerrhombus is about 6.35 mm.

Both the inventive club and the comparison club were tested using theUSGA pendulum test, where the club head is inserted into a testingapparatus and hit with a weighted pendulum at the geometric center atseveral different speeds. The length of contact duration between theweighted pendulum and the club head hitting face is measured todetermine the characteristic time of the club. In addition to thestandard testing at the geometric center, however, the inventive cluband the comparison club were tested at several off-center locations todetermine characteristic times away from the geometric center of hittingface 42. As such, the overall flexibility of the hitting faces of theinventive club and the comparison club can be determined.

King Cobra M/SPEED 9.0° drivers with stock cast 6-4 Titanium head modelswere used in the test. One driver has the inventive face insert of FIGS.2 and 3 and the other drive has the comparison insert of FIGS. 4 and 5were. Both inserts were cast with 6-4 Titanium and chemically milled.The thickness in the central zone (4) of the comparison insert is about4.3 mm (0.169 inch) and the thickness of the intermediate zone (6) ofthe comparison insert is about 2.8 mm (0.110 inch).

TABLE 1 Characteristic Times for Inventive Club, Comparison Club Changein Inventive Club Comparison Club Character- Testing Location onCharacteristic Characteristic istic Hitting Face Time (μs) Time (μs)Time (μs) Geometric Center (GC) 253 250 +3 Horizontally Offset 266 266 —Toward Heel from GC Horizontally Offset 250 243 +7 Toward Toe from GCVertically Above GC, 250 235 +15 Directly Vertically Below GC, 252 249+3 Directly Vertically Above GC, 256 248 +8 Offset Toward Toe VerticallyBelow GC, 243 231 +12 Offset Toward Toe Vertically Above GC, 271 269 +2Offset Toward Heel Vertically Below GC, 262 263 −1 Offset Toward HeelAs can be seen in Table 1, in both clubs the characteristic time at thegeometric center of the hitting face meets the USGA rule of less than258 microseconds (μs). However, the inventive club is closer to the USGAlimit, which means that the inventive club is more flexible at thegeometric center than the comparison club. The highest characteristictimes were measured toward the heel. Additionally, the characteristictime at nearly every tested location is higher for the inventive clubthan for the comparison club or substantially the same for both clubs.In other words, the inventive club face is able to flex more than thecomparison club. As such, the spring-like effect of the inventive clubis enhanced as compared to the comparison club, which should yieldgreater carry distances, even though both clubs satisfy USGA hittingface flexibility rules.

While various descriptions of the present invention are described above,it should be understood that the various features of each embodimentcould be used alone or in any combination thereof. Therefore, thisinvention is not to be limited to only the specifically preferredembodiments depicted herein. Further, it should be understood thatvariations and modifications within the spirit and scope of theinvention might occur to those skilled in the art to which the inventionpertains. For example, any hitting face structure that increasesstiffness at the geometric center as compared to the hitting faceperimeter is appropriate, so the present invention is not limited toonly those structures disclosed herein. Accordingly, all expedientmodifications readily attainable by one versed in the art from thedisclosure set forth herein that are within the scope and spirit of thepresent invention are to be included as further embodiments of thepresent invention. The scope of the present invention is accordinglydefined as set forth in the appended claims. All publications discussedherein, including but not limited to patents, patent applications,articles, and books, are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

1. A golf club head comprising: a hitting face comprising, a centralzone comprising a raised inner portion having a first thickness, and araised outer portion concentric with the inner portion and having asecond thickness, wherein the first thickness is greater than the secondthickness; and an intermediate zone concentric with the central zone andhaving a third thickness, wherein the second thickness is greater thanthe third thickness, and wherein a location of longest characteristictime is offset from a geometric center of the hitting face, and whereinthe central zone positioned at the geometric center of the hitting faceand having a major axis that aligns substantially in the direction ofhigh heel to low toe.
 2. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein theinner portion has a non-circular shape.
 3. The golf club head of claim1, wherein the outer portion has a non-circular shape.
 4. The golf clubhead of claim 1, wherein the inner portion is in the shape of a rhombus.5. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the outer portion is in theshape of a rhombus.
 6. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the innerportion defines a first surface area and the outer portion defines asecond area, and wherein the first area is between about 10% and 80% ofthe second area.
 7. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the locationof longest characteristic time is offset from the geometric centertoward the club head's toe.
 8. The golf club head of claim 1, whereinthe location of longest characteristic time is offset from the geometriccenter toward the club head's crown.
 9. The golf club head of claim 1,wherein the location of longest characteristic time is offset from thegeometric center toward the club head's heel.
 10. The golf club head ofclaim 1, wherein a first transition zone with varying thickness connectsthe raised inner portion to the raised outer portion.
 11. The golf clubhead of claim 1, wherein a second transition zone with varying thicknessconnects the raised outer portion to the intermediate zone.
 12. The golfclub head of claim 1, wherein the ratio between the flexural stiffnessof the central zone to flexural stiffness of the intermediate zone is atleast about 1.2.
 13. The golf club head of claim 12, wherein the ratiobetween the flexural stiffness of the central zone to flexural stiffnessof the intermediate zone is at least about 1.5.
 14. The golf club headof claim 13, wherein the ratio between the flexural stiffness of thecentral zone to flexural stiffness of the intermediate zone is at leastabout 2.0.
 15. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the ratio betweenthe flexural stiffness of the raised inner portion to flexural stiffnessof the raised outer portion is at least about 1.2.
 16. The golf clubhead of claim 15, wherein the ratio between the flexural stiffness ofthe raised inner portion to flexural stiffness of the raised outerportion is at least about 1.5.
 17. The golf club head of claim 16,wherein the ratio between the flexural stiffness of the raised innerportion to flexural stiffness of the raised outer portion is at leastabout 2.0.
 18. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the ratio betweenthe flexural stiffness of the raised inner portion to flexural stiffnessof the intermediate zone is at least about 2.5.
 19. The golf club headof claim 18, wherein the ratio between the flexural stiffness of theraised inner portion to flexural stiffness of the intermediate zone isat least about 3.0.
 20. The golf club head of claim 19, wherein theratio between the flexural stiffness of the raised inner portion toflexural stiffness of the intermediate zone is at least about 3.5. 21.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the ratio between the flexuralstiffness of the raised outer portion to flexural stiffness of theintermediate zone is at least about 1.2.
 22. The golf club head of claim21, wherein the ratio between the flexural stiffness of the raised outerportion to flexural stiffness of the intermediate zone is at least about1.5.
 23. The golf club head of claim 22, wherein the ratio between theflexural stiffness of the raised outer portion to flexural stiffness ofthe intermediate zone is at least about 2.0.